Selling on Temu: The Ultimate Guide for German Merchants (2026) – Everything on Registration, Fees and Strategy

For a long time, Temu was mainly the app that Chinese vendors used to ship bargains straight to Germany. Since 2024, that has changed: through the Local Seller Program, merchants can tap into a marketplace with 19 million monthly users in Germany (as of May 2026), one of the three highest-reach e-commerce platforms in the world. In this article, you’ll find everything you need to know for a successful start.

Table of contents

TL;DR: The key facts at a glance

The evolution of Temu: from bargain phenomenon to local sales platform

Temu in the DACH market in 2026: reach, business model, costs and market position

Reach and buyer profile: who shops on Temu?

What is Temu’s local-to-local model?

What fees apply when selling on Temu?

Marketplace comparison: how does Temu stack up against Amazon, eBay, Kaufland and OTTO?

How-to: start selling on Temu in just a few steps

First things first: what do you need to start selling on Temu?

Step-by-step guide: registering in the Temu Seller Center

How does product upload work on Temu?

Selling on Temu compliantly: taxes, product law and EU regulation

What tax requirements apply on Temu?

What product-law requirements apply on Temu?

DSA & VLOP status: what this means for you as a merchant

Tips, tricks and strategies: how do you become a successful seller on Temu?

Which products are well suited for selling on Temu?

How do you optimize product listings for the Temu algorithm?

What is the optimal price for products on Temu?

Performance KPIs on Temu: what really matters

Multichannel selling with magnalister: start using the Temu interface now and sell web shop products directly on Temu

Why multichannelling with magnalister pays off

What can the magnalister Temu interface do?

Which shop systems does magnalister support, and what does the Temu connection cost?

Conclusion: in 2026, Temu is one of the most dynamic growth channels for German online merchants

FAQ: Frequently asked questions about selling on Temu

TL;DR: The key facts at a glance

• Reach: With 120 million monthly users in Europe, 19 million of them in Germany (as of May 2026), Temu is among the three highest-reach e-commerce marketplaces in the world.
• Access: Temu’s Local Seller Program specifically targets local sellers in Europe, including France, Spain, the Netherlands and Germany.
• Costs: Temu charges neither monthly platform fees nor listing fees and funds itself largely through category-based sales commissions.
• Compliance: Anyone selling on Temu must meet all German and EU-wide obligations from the very first listing: from VAT and the Packaging Act to the EU Product Safety Regulation.
• Multichannelling as a winning strategy: magnalister’s brand-new Temu interface connects web shops such as Shopify, WooCommerce and Shopware to the up-and-coming marketplace in under 15 minutes.

The evolution of Temu: from bargain phenomenon to local sales platform

Temu was launched in 2022 by the Chinese conglomerate PDD Holdings, the parent company of the e-commerce platform Pinduoduo. Initially, the company relied entirely on direct shipping from Chinese warehouses to consumers across Europe and the US. Rock-bottom prices, aggressive advertising campaigns, and rapid product life cycles perfectly cemented its image as the ultimate bargain destination.

In 2024, however, the platform changed course: Temu now operates local warehouses in Germany, France, Spain, Italy and the Netherlands, has launched the Local Seller Program for European sellers, and, as a so-called Very Large Online Platform (VLOP), is subject to the tightened obligations of the Digital Services Act.

In the long term, Temu aims to handle up to 80 percent¹ of its European sales through local warehouses, for which the platform needs thousands of new sellers from Europe. This opens up enormous potential for German online merchants: today, Temu counts 120 million monthly users in Europe, 19 million of them in Germany alone (as of May 2026).

Temu at a glance

• Founded: 2022
• Parent group: PDD Holdings (China; sister platform: Pinduoduo)
• EU operating company: Whaleco Technology Limited, Dublin/Ireland
• European launch: April 2023
• Local Seller Program (DE/EU): open to local merchants since Q4 2024
• VLOP status: since 31 May 2024 (EU Commission, DSA)
• Global availability: over 90 countries, GMV 2025 around 22 billion US dollars
• Reach (as of May 2026): 120 million MAU EU / 19 million MAU DE

Did you know? Chinese platforms are booming in Germany

Chinese e-commerce platforms such as Shein, AliExpress and Temu grew 27.2 percent in Germany in 2025, reaching 3.7 billion euros in revenue. As the German E-Commerce and Distance Selling Trade Association² reports, one in every 15 online orders in Germany is now placed with one of the major platforms from Asia. A study by the Nuremberg Institute for Market Decisions (NIM) also shows that around half of those surveyed in Germany shopped at least once at Temu, Shein or a comparable Chinese platform in 2025.

Temu in the DACH market in 2026: reach, business model, costs and market position

In this chapter, we cover Temu’s reach and buyer profile, the local-to-local model and the marketplace’s cost structure, and draw a direct comparison with Amazon, eBay, Kaufland.de and OTTO.

Reach and buyer profile: who shops on Temu?

Since its launch in 2022, Temu has been available in over 90 countries, and in 2026 it ranks behind Amazon and eBay among the three highest-reach e-commerce marketplaces in the world. Marketplace Pulse puts global gross merchandise volume in 2025 at around 22 billion US dollars (as of May 2026).³

Temu’s buyer profile is remarkably broad. The following 2025 visitor figures for the platform paint a clear picture.⁴ Contrary to the common assumption that the marketplace focuses primarily on a very young target group, the data reveals an extremely heterogeneous audience across all age brackets:

What is Temu’s local-to-local model?

Temu operates via two core business models. While the original fully-managed model pools Chinese sellers and lets the platform control pricing and logistics, the local-to-local model (Local Seller Program) relies on vendors based within the EU and holding stock there, which gives end customers significantly faster shipping.

The requirements for joining the Local Seller Program include a local EU warehouse, your own shipping logistics, and compliance with requirements such as a VAT ID, GPSR and the Packaging Act (more on this later).⁵

In this setup, Temu acts primarily as a reach driver and marketing platform, while operational execution stays with you as the merchant. This division of responsibilities closely resembles the marketplace principle of Kaufland.de or OTTO Market.

“The marketplace has recognized that something is shifting in the European market and wants to become active there. It also wants to sell local goods, not just direct shipping from China.”

What fees apply when selling on Temu?

The costs and fees for selling on Temu include:

• Fixed costs: €0 monthly base fee and no listing fees
• Commission: A revenue-based fee between 5% and 15% depending on the category (as of May 2026)
• Logistics: Individual costs for storage and shipping (local-to-local)
• Marketing: Optional costs for Temu Ads to manage visibility

The fee structure is therefore deliberately designed for a barrier-free market entry. Temu does without monthly base fees as well as traditional listing fees for products. Instead, merchants pay a purely performance-based sales commission on revenue actually generated, which makes it possible to start without a fixed investment risk.

The level of this commission depends on the respective product category and typically falls within a range of five to fifteen percent. The exact terms for the individual assortments are transparently documented in the Temu Seller Center.

Operational costs also include storage and shipping fees, which in the Local Seller Program are borne directly by the merchant, as well as optional budgets for advertising measures (Temu Ads) to increase the visibility of your own offers.

Marketplace comparison: how does Temu stack up against Amazon, eBay, Kaufland and OTTO?⁶

In the competition among German online marketplaces, Temu has established itself as a high-reach, cost-efficient alternative to the established players. The overview below compares decisive factors such as reach, base fees, commission models and assortment focus:

Three strategic takeaways emerge for German online merchants:

• Risk-free entry: Since Temu does without base fees, even smaller assortments can be tested on the platform with no financial risk.
• High market reach: With now around 19 million monthly active users (as of May 2026), the platform is well ahead of Kaufland.de or OTTO and operates on a par with eBay; only Amazon has a larger user base in Germany.
• Strategic multichannel addition: Temu acts as a powerful channel for reach and sales volume, ideally rounding out your portfolio alongside established anchors such as Amazon or specialized marketplaces.

magnalister: connect your web shop to Temu in just 15 minutes

magnalister connects your online shop to Temu, one of the fastest-growing marketplaces in the world, within minutes. This lets you manage orders, prices and stock levels centrally from your shop’s back end.

How-to: start selling on Temu in just a few steps

This section walks you through the three key steps of market entry, laying the foundation for a smooth start to selling on Temu.

First things first: what do you need to start selling on Temu?

Starting to sell on Temu requires legal, tax and logistical prerequisites that online merchants already know from other platforms.

The most important requirements at a glance:

• Proof of business: A current commercial register extract or a valid trade registration
• Tax data: A valid VAT ID (issued by the Federal Central Tax Office) as well as the tax number for advance VAT returns
• Bank details: A business account issued in the company’s name, with an IBAN in the SEPA area
• Logistics: Proof of a local warehouse within the EU for handling self-shipping
• Legal compliance: Valid licenses under the Packaging Act (LUCID), GPSR conformity, and EAR registration (WEEE) for electrical equipment
• Product documentation: CE declarations of conformity, technical files and, where required, up-to-date safety data sheets

Depending on the assortment, industry-specific requirements may apply on top, for example for food, cosmetics or toys.

Step-by-step guide: registering in the Temu Seller Center

Registration as a seller takes place centrally via the Temu Seller Center. The clearly structured onboarding process is typically completed within a few business days and is divided into four phases:

1. Account creation and verification: First, you set up your seller account with a business email address and confirm it via the verification link you receive.
2. Submission of company documents: In this step, you upload your trade certificate, the commercial register extract and your VAT ID. At the same time, an identity check (Know Your Customer, KYC) of the authorized representatives takes place.
3. Configuring finances and logistics: Here you enter the bank details for later payouts and define your shipping and warehouse locations within the EU.
4. Review and final activation: Temu’s onboarding team performs a final check of the submitted data for consistency. Once successfully validated, your account is unlocked for active selling.

As soon as access is active, you gain full access to all management tools for listing, inventory management and detailed performance analyses. Built-in tutorials also help you make the most of Temu’s specific listing logic.

How does product upload work on Temu?

Temu offers three established ways to upload products: manually creating individual listings, bulk upload via CSV files, or a fully automated connection through an API interface, as provided by certified Temu integration partners such as magnalister. While the manual route is suitable for initial assortment tests, the interface connection is the preferred solution for scalable multichannel strategies.

The following attributes and data are required for a listing:

• Product title: Keyword-optimized naming for maximum visibility in the search results
• Imagery: High-resolution photos, with the main image set against a pure white background in line with the platform standard
• Category & features: Precise classification including specific attributes such as material, color, size or technical details
• Identification data: Inclusion of EAN (GTIN) and internal SKU numbers for unambiguous classification
• Prices & stock: Up-to-date information on prices and stock levels
• Variant matrix: Logical linking of different versions of a single item
• Compliance documents: Upload of CE certificates, GPSR safety notices or battery declarations for regulated product groups

Tip: These simple measures can boost your visibility

Temu prioritizes products whose images are optimized for visual AI search. Make sure the main object takes up at least 80% of the image area and contains no distracting watermarks or text overlays. Also add precise metadata for image search to maximize your organic reach.

After submission, the data goes through an automated quality check. As a merchant, you are notified in the Seller Center of any rejections or required corrections.

Selling on Temu compliantly: taxes, product law and EU regulation

This chapter explains the tax obligations, product-law requirements and the regulatory demands of the Digital Services Act (DSA) – and thereby provides the basis for legally sound assortment and compliance decisions in day-to-day marketplace operations.

What tax requirements apply on Temu?

For German merchants, the standard VAT rules of cross-border e-commerce apply on Temu. The basis is the 2021 EU VAT Digital Package, which directly holds online marketplaces accountable through marketplace liability (§ 22f UStG).⁷

The key tax requirements on Temu include:

• VAT ID: Applying for the VAT identification number at the Federal Central Tax Office is a prerequisite for any marketplace activation; transmitting it to Temu is mandatory to relieve the platform of its liability.
• Advance VAT returns: These must be submitted regularly to the responsible tax office. When using multiple warehouse locations within the EU, a VAT registration in the respective member states may also become necessary.
• One-Stop-Shop (OSS): This procedure serves to centrally handle VAT on cross-border B2C sales within the EU above a threshold of 10,000 euros per year.
• Disclaimer: This overview is for informational purposes only and does not constitute professional tax advice. Please consult a tax advisor regarding how this applies to your specific product range.

What product-law requirements apply on Temu?

With the EU Product Safety Regulation (GPSR, Regulation (EU) 2023/988) of 13 December 2024, the product-law requirement level for online marketplaces has tightened considerably. Manufacturers outside the EU need, for example, an authorized representative based in the Union whose name and address must be shown on every product or in the accompanying listing data.⁸

“In the EU, products may only be marketable if the seller has also named a legal representative in the EU. To this end, the responsible legal representative must be a physical person resident in the EU who serves as a point of contact and has the necessary solvency.”

The following also applies to German merchants: every product listing on Temu must comply with the GPSR-compliant safety and contact details, supplemented by the relevant conformity marking (CE for most technical products) and the corresponding technical documentation.

Temu actively enforces the GPSR: listings without complete safety information are already rejected at the intake check, and faulty existing listings are deactivated once flagged.

For toys, electrical devices, cosmetics or food, additional product-group-specific regulations apply, each with its own testing and documentation obligations.

Packaging Act and LUCID registration

Anyone who places packaging on the market in Germany (including via marketplaces such as Temu) must register with the Central Agency Packaging Register (ZSVR) and license their packaging through a dual system. The LUCID number is required for every listing; marketplaces are obliged to verify it, and fines run up to 200,000 euros. Further information: https://www.verpackungsregister.org/.

DSA & VLOP status: what this means for you as a merchant

Since May 2024, Temu has been classified as a “Very Large Online Platform” (VLOP) and is subject to the strictest obligations of the EU Digital Services Act. Three direct consequences for you:

• Mandatory seller verification with cross-checking against official registers (VAT ID, commercial register, contact details)
• Immediate blocking of listings that violate GPSR or traceability obligations
• Disclosure of the ranking criteria, so that organic reach becomes more transparent

Stephan Tromp of the German Retail Federation (HDE) has frequently criticized in the past competitive distortions caused by a lack of legal enforcement against Asian platforms. For you as a law-abiding German merchant, the strict DSA oversight therefore has a positive effect: Temu is now taking consistent action against unfair vendors, which gives professional sellers a significantly fairer competitive environment.

Tips, tricks and strategies: how do you become a successful seller on Temu?

This chapter analyzes assortment selection, listing optimization and effective pricing strategies for sustained sales success on Temu.

Which products are well suited for selling on Temu?

Temu’s customer base is price-sensitive, mobile-focused and demographically broad. From this emerges a clear success profile: products with low to mid price points, strong target-group resonance and fast turnover dynamics often achieve the best results. For brands in the low- and mid-price segment (roughly €5 to €50 per item), Temu is one of the most attractive growth channels in Europe: the price-conscious buyer profile, the high visual discoverability via AI image search, and the low platform barriers all favor exactly this price class.

It is also crucial to ensure viable margins and efficient scaling despite commission and logistics. That is why small, unbreakable products with low regulatory hurdles are particularly well suited.

These include, among others, items from the following areas:

• Fashion & accessories
• Home & kitchen
• Beauty
• Consumer electronics

Less profitable, by contrast, are heavyweight goods or heavily regulated groups such as food and pharmaceuticals, since here shipping costs and compliance requirements often exceed profitability. Multichannel providers such as magnalister make it easier to sell identical assortments in parallel on Temu, Amazon, eBay and other marketplaces from your familiar shop back end.

How do you optimize product listings for the Temu algorithm?

To achieve maximum visibility on Temu and to appear in the platform’s personalized recommendation areas, several success factors come into play.

Besides the completeness of the product attributes, these include a high-quality visual presentation and uninterrupted availability of your products (out-of-stock phases are penalized immediately).

Positive reviews and historical sales velocity are additional ranking signals. For new assortments, it is therefore advisable to start with a competitive entry price in order to quickly generate the first transactions and reviews.

We have compiled concrete measures for optimizing your product listings for the Temu algorithm in a clear overview below:

What is the optimal price for products on Temu?

To determine the optimal price for your products on Temu, two factors are decisive: the platform algorithm, which rewards low prices with high visibility, and your own calculation, which in the end must show a positive contribution margin.

Before you set your selling price, you should draw up an honest “cost-per-order” calculation that adds up all of a product’s costs. These include:

• Procurement or manufacturing costs
• Temu commission (between 5% and 15% depending on the category)
• Logistics (packaging material and postage for EU-wide shipping)
• Returns buffer (depending on the assortment, roughly a 10% to 30% return rate)
• Marketing (optional budget for Temu Ads)

The desired margin is now added on top of the calculated cost base. Since the market environment on Temu is highly competitive, many merchants proceed strategically in two phases:

1. Market penetration: First, a particularly competitive introductory price is chosen. The goal here is not high profit but building up sales history and customer reviews. These “social proof” signals increase appeal for the algorithm.
2. Margin optimization: As soon as your product is organically and stably listed, you raise the price step by step toward your target margin. To keep sales at a high level, targeted so-called Lightning Deals (time-limited, percentage-based discount campaigns with an algorithmic boost to reach) or other short-term promotion slots are a good option.

Important: Monitor your competitors regularly in the Seller Center. Temu is a highly dynamic environment; even small price differences can determine your visibility in the search results!

Performance KPIs on Temu: what really matters

On Temu, measurable KPIs directly determine the visibility of your offers and the status of your seller account. The platform relies on a strict rating system that initially penalizes violations with warnings but, in the event of repetition, responds consistently with ranking downgrades or an account suspension. Anyone running several marketplaces in parallel usually reconciles stock and shipping status via multichannel interfaces. magnalister, for example, automatically syncs shipping confirmations and tracking IDs to Temu, which keeps the late shipment rate effectively under control.

The following metrics are decisive for stable operations:

• Shipping punctuality: In the local-to-local model, the 48-hour rule applies, under which orders must be reported as ready to ship within two business days.
• Late shipment rate: This rate of delayed shipments should remain permanently below the critical mark of two percent.
• Order Defect Rate (ODR): Cancellations, complaints and negative reviews should likewise be kept below two percent to avoid algorithmic penalties.
• Response speed: Proactive customer service with short response times is essential for maintaining a positive seller score.

In the local model, returns are processed directly by the seller, with Temu granting buyers a generous 90-day return window. For very low-priced items, an automated refund without physical return sometimes applies. The seller bears the cost of this.

Multichannel selling with magnalister: start using the Temu interface now and sell web shop products directly on Temu

This section explains the strategic advantages of multichannel sales and shows how the new magnalister interface automates product and order management on Temu.

Why multichannelling with magnalister pays off

German e-commerce is dominated by the platform economy. According to the latest data from the German E-Commerce and Distance Selling Trade Association (bevh)¹⁰, marketplaces now generate over 56 percent of total online retail revenue. Here, Temu stands out as one of the fastest-growing channels, with over 120 million monthly active users in Europe (19 million of them in Germany).

“After now five consecutive quarters of growth, we can say: e-commerce has returned to growth. However, the market continues to concentrate, and not all merchants share in the positive trend. Competition has become tougher.”

Beyond this sales potential, you as a merchant benefit from the recognition and marketing of the major online marketplaces. A central interface like magnalister connects these platforms to your web shop and enables you to run several sales channels in parallel from a single back end.

What can the magnalister Temu interface do?

The interface covers the entire lifecycle of a marketplace listing and turns your web shop into the central control panel for Temu and other marketplaces. Onboarding is usually completed within 15 minutes.

• Automated product upload: Upload individual items or entire categories directly from your back end and use the flexible attribute mapping.
• Real-time synchronization: Prices and stock levels are immediately reconciled with Temu on every change in the web shop, to avoid out-of-stock phases.
• Central order import: Orders from Temu flow directly into your shop system and can be processed there as usual.
• Synchronized shipping status: Shipping confirmations and tracking IDs are automatically transmitted to Temu.

Which shop systems does magnalister support, and what does the Temu connection cost?

magnalister integrates seamlessly into all common shop systems in German e-commerce, including Shopware, Shopify, WooCommerce, PrestaShop, Magento, Gambio and more. The monthly plans are tiered so that they grow together with your business. The Temu connection is included in all plans at no additional base fee.

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Conclusion: in 2026, Temu is one of the most dynamic growth channels for German online merchants

Temu has evolved from a pure cross-border phenomenon into one of the three highest-reach e-commerce marketplaces in the world. In Germany alone, the platform reaches 19 million users per month and appeals to a strikingly heterogeneous customer base that has long moved beyond the classic bargain hunt.

Thanks to the Local Seller Program, barriers such as monthly base fees disappear almost entirely, while the system goes live within a few business days. For German merchants, this offers a rare combination of enormous reach and minimal market-entry risk. Especially for merchants without much room for fixed costs or with smaller assortment tests, Temu is one of the easiest entry points among European marketplaces, because there is no monthly base fee and the first sales results usually become measurable within a few business days.

Operational execution is most efficient via a multichannel strategy: anyone who manages Temu and other marketplaces such as eBay and Amazon centrally using interfaces like magnalister secures decisive market share with no significant extra effort.

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FAQ: Frequently asked questions about selling on Temu

Is selling on Temu worth it for German merchants?

For assortments with low to mid price points, high scalability and manageable compliance complexity, Temu is one of the most attractive marketplaces in Germany in 2026. The reach of 19 million monthly users, the absence of a monthly base fee and the platform’s active vendor acquisition make entry calculable even for smaller merchants. For vendors with predominantly regulated or heavyweight assortments (food, furniture, pharmaceuticals), Temu is less suitable; here, specialized marketplaces and your own web shop continue to dominate.

What does selling on Temu cost?

In the Local Seller Program, there is neither a monthly platform base fee nor traditional listing fees. Sellers pay only a category-specific sales commission on completed orders, which typically falls between 5 and 15 percent and depends on product group and season. Added to this are shipping and optional spending on Temu Ads.

Do I need a VAT ID to sell on Temu?

Yes. A valid VAT identification number from the Federal Central Tax Office is a mandatory requirement. Temu automatically checks the VAT ID against official registers during the onboarding process; transmitting it to the platform is part of marketplace liability under § 22f UStG.

What do I need in order to sell on Temu?

To sell on Temu, you need a commercial register extract, a VAT ID, the managing director’s ID card or passport, and a business account in the SEPA area. For cross-border payouts outside the eurozone, Temu optionally offers the connection of multi-currency providers such as Payoneer. A business email address and mobile number are likewise mandatory.

Which products sell best on Temu?

Marketplace Pulse analyses identify Fashion & Apparel, Home & Kitchen, Beauty & Personal Care and Consumer Electronics Accessories as the fastest-growing categories. Products with high margin resilience, broad variant diversity and low return susceptibility are successful.

What is the difference between fully managed and local-to-local?

In the fully-managed model, predominantly Chinese sellers deliver their products centrally to Temu warehouses, from where the platform controls pricing, listings and logistics. In the local-to-local model, local sellers list from their own EU warehouse and with their own shipping logistics. For German merchants, this is the relevant entry route.

How quickly do I have to ship on Temu?

In the Local Seller Program, the 48-hour rule applies: orders must be reported as ready to ship within two business days. The late shipment rate should remain permanently below two percent to avoid ranking downgrades or account suspensions.

What legal obligations exist when selling on Temu?

Standard obligations of German e-commerce: VAT ID from the Federal Central Tax Office, Packaging Act licensing via LUCID, GPSR conformity (EU authorized representative, CE marking, technical documentation) and product-group-specific requirements. For cross-border EU sales above the delivery threshold of €10,000 per year, the One-Stop-Shop (OSS) procedure is additionally mandatory.

Which seller KPIs are decisive on Temu?

The decisive factors are the late shipment rate (shipping punctuality, target permanently below two percent), the order defect rate (cancellations, complaints, negative reviews) and the response time in customer contact. Anyone who keeps these metrics in the green secures organic visibility; violations lead to ranking downgrades and, in the event of repetition, to account suspensions.

How do I connect my Shopify shop to Temu?

The fastest method is a certified Temu integration like magnalister: install the plug-in in the Shopify App Store, connect your shop to the Temu Seller Center in under 15 minutes, and products, prices and stock are automatically synchronized in both directions. The same solution applies analogously to Shopware, WooCommerce, PrestaShop, Magento, Gambio and other shop systems.

magnalister vs. your own API connection: which is worth it?

A self-developed API connection only makes sense if you have internal development resources and highly specific logic. For the vast majority of merchants, a certified multichannel provider such as magnalister is more cost-effective and faster to deploy: the provider handles maintenance, Temu API updates and compliance adjustments, while you can focus on assortment and marketing.

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1. ¹ Marketplace Pulse, “The Great Supply Chain Reversal”, 2025. https://www.marketplacepulse.com/articles/the-great-supply-chain-reversal ↩︎
2. ² Source:
   https://bevh.org/detail/wachstum-im-e-commerce-lichtblick-in-der-deutschen-wirtschaft ↩︎
3. ³ Marketplace Pulse, “Top 10 E-Commerce Marketplaces in 2026”, 2026. https://www.marketplacepulse.com/articles/top-10-e-commerce-marketplaces-in-2026 ↩︎
4. ⁴ Statista (data source: SimilarWeb), “Temu: user distribution by age 2025”, 2025. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1399865/temu-user-distribution-by-age/ ↩︎
5. ⁵ Whaleco Technology Limited: “Temu Seller Center EU – Seller Portal”. As of 2026. Available online at: https://seller-eu.temu.com (accessed on 06/05/2026). ↩︎
6. ⁶ Marketplace terms according to official seller portals, as of 2026:
   • Amazon Services Europe S.à r.l.: “Sell on Amazon”. Available online at: https://verkaufen.amazon.de (accessed on 06/05/2026).
   • eBay Marketplaces GmbH: “eBay Seller Portal”. Available online at: https://verkaeuferportal.ebay.de (accessed on 06/05/2026).
   • Schwarz Digital (Kaufland.de): “Kaufland Global Marketplace – Seller Portal”. Available online at: https://sellerportal.kaufland.com (accessed on 06/05/2026).
   • Otto GmbH & Co KG: “OTTO Market – Partner Portal”. Available online at: https://www.otto.market (accessed on 06/05/2026).
   • Whaleco Technology Limited: “Temu Seller Center EU”.
     Available online at: https://seller-eu.temu.com (accessed on 06/05/2026).
   ↩︎
7. ⁷ Federal Ministry of Justice: “Umsatzsteuergesetz (UStG) § 22f Besondere Pflichten für Betreiber eines elektronischen Marktplatzes”. Available online at: https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/ustg_1980/__22f.html (accessed on 06/05/2026). ↩︎
8. ⁸ Federal Ministry for the Environment, Climate Action, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMUKN): “Questions and answers on the general EU Product Safety Regulation (Reg. (EU) No. 2023/988)”. Available online at: https://www.bundesumweltministerium.de/themen/chemikaliensicherheit/sicherheit-bei-produkten/sicherheit-bei-verbrauchernahen-produkten/fragen-und-antworten-zur-allgemeinen-eu-produktsicherheitsverordnung-vo-eu-nr-2023/988 (accessed on 06/05/2026). ↩︎
9. ⁹ Source: https://www.ehv-kleve.de/2026/04/23/aktuelle-studie-unfairer-wettbewerb-mit-temu-und-shein-kostet-deutsche-wirtschaft-24-milliarden-euro-im-jahr/ ↩︎
10. ¹⁰ German E-Commerce and Distance Selling Trade Association (bevh): “Wachstum im E-Commerce: Lichtblick in der deutschen Wirtschaft”. Press conference of 22 January 2026. Available online at: https://bevh.org/detail/wachstum-im-e-commerce-lichtblick-in-der-deutschen-wirtschaft (accessed on 06/05/2026). ↩︎